Course Requirements

 

Exams (100pts each):  There will be five unit exams and one optional final exam.  Each exam will include multiple choice questions, matching, short answer, and one essay question.  Many questions will be adapted from the review questions in the back of the book.  There will be up to five options for the essay question, you will choose one.  The optional final exam will be completely multiple choice.  It can replace the lowest exam grade.

           

Lab Practicals (50pts each): There will be five practicals.  All questions come from the material in the preceding labs.  The questions will be identifying organs, structures, cells, membranes, or functions of any of the latter.  There will be no multiple choice.  You may make up one practical if you have a valid excuse.  The make-up exam must be scheduled by you, the student, and will be in a PowerPoint format.   

 

Quizzes (10pts each): There will be five pop quizzes per semester (one per unit).  You will receive automatically 5pts for attendance on the quiz; the other 5pts will come from correctness in answering the questions.  They will be in a similar format to the exams.  You may miss one quiz without it affecting your grade.

           

Test Question Submission (1pt per unit):  Every unit your group (3-4 students) will submit at least one question over the unit per group member.  If the questions are of good quality you will each get full credit for this.  As an added incentive, if I like the questions, I will one on the test.  Groups are discussed further in the syllabus and we will discuss proper submission on the first day of class.

 

Extra Credit:  There will be opportunities for extra credit.  They will be announced in class and any additional information can be found on BlackBoard.  A maximum of 10 points on one exam and 5 points on one practical can be earned per semester.

 

Grading Scheme:

Total Possible Points: 795

A >= 715

B >= 635

C >= 555

D >= 475

F < 475

 

Due to ACC policies concerning the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), instructors cannot post grades or call or e-mail students with information about their grades, so please do not ask

Readings

 

Either:

Human Anatomy. Marieb. 6^th Ed.  ISBN: 9780321753267

Or:

            Human Anatomy. Mckinley. 3^rd Ed. ISBN: 9780073378091

 

            ANSI Z87.1 Safety glasses or goggles

            A pair of closed toe shoes

           

Recommended:

Any recent lab atlas (there are some for purchase in the bookstore)

A practice anatomy cd (e.g. PAL (practice anatomy lab))

            The BIO2304 Common Course Objectives (found on BlackBoard)

Course Subjects

 

Wk	Date	Lecture Topic	Reading	Laboratory Topic
1	May 28   May 30	Holliday (Memorial)   Introduction to the Course, Course Expectations, The Cell	NA   Ch1/2	Holliday   L1: Safety, Basic Terminology, The Microscope, and the Cell
2	Jun 4   Jun 6	Tissues   Integumentary System Bone and Cartilage Tissue	Ch4   Ch5/6	L2: Epithelial and Connective Tissues   L3: Integument and Bone and Cartilage Tissue
3	Jun 11   Jun 13	Lecture Exam I   Skeletal System	NA   Ch7/8	Lab Exam I   L4: Bones; axial and append.
4	Jun 18   Jun 20	Joints and Muscle Tissue   Muscles	Ch9/10   Ch 11	L5: Joints and Muscle Tissue   L6: Human Muscles and Cat Muscle Dissection
5	Jun 25   Jun 27	Lecture Exam II   Nervous System Fundamentals , CNS	NA   Ch 12/13	Lab Exam II   L7: Nervous Tissue and CNS
6	July 2   July 4	PNS and ANS   Holliday (read special senses)	Ch14/15   NA	L8: Cranial Nerves and ANS   Holliday
7	July 9   July 11	Special Senses   Lecture Exam III	Ch16   NA	L9: Special Senses   Lab Exam III
8	July 16   July 18	Endocrine System and Blood   Heart and Blood Vessels	Ch17/18   Ch19/20	L10: Endocrine and Blood   L11: Heart and Vasculature
9	July 23   July 25	Lymphatics and Respiratory System   Lecture Exam IV (through Lymph)	Ch21/22   NA	L12: Lymph and Respiratory   Lab Exam IV (through Lymph)
10	July 30     Aug 1	Digestive System and Urinary System   Reproductive System	Ch23/24     Ch25	L13: Digestive and Urinary   L14: Reproductive System (Cat dissection, major organs)
11	Aug 6   Aug 8	Review Catch-up Day   Lecture Exam V (first hour) Optional Comprehensive Final (second hour)		Review Catch-up Day   Lab Exam V

                                                                            

Student Learning Outcomes/Learning Objectives

 

BIOLOGY 2304/2101 HUMAN ANATOMY

COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES

Approved May 4, 2012

 

Committee Attendees:

            Hal Alsup

            Aglaia Chandler

            Paul Findell

            Joan Hauser

            Laura Juarez de Ku

            Bernice Speer

            Judy Shippen

            Sarah Strong

 

 

Goals:

 

The objectives were written in consideration of these goals:

 

·         To define a core body of knowledge for Human Anatomy that will be covered completely in all sections of the course

 

·         If the department decides to give an assessment final for all sections of Human Anatomy, only the core body of knowledge will be used for constructing the final

 

·         To allow instructors some flexibility in the addition of material beyond the core objectives

 

·         Emphasis will be on core; flexibility comes afterward

 

·         To meet the needs of a variety of students, including students who intend to transfer to another institution or continue into the ACC Allied Health Sciences programs

 

·         To create a proper foundation of anatomical knowledge for ACC students who subsequently take BIOL 2305/2101 Human Physiology.

 

·         To facilitate the development of critical thinking skills in ACC students taking BIOL 2304/2101 by providing a varied and comprehensive laboratory experience, including organ dissection, whole animal dissection, and the study of histology

 

·         To provide a description of course content for new faculty

 

·         To accommodate differences in student learning styles

 

Assumptions:

 

·         Studentswho take Biology 2304/2101(Human Anatomy)must have successfully demonstrated proficiency of high school cellular and molecular biology through an assessment test

 

·         Any assumptions listed at the beginning of a topic are based on the knowledge and skills sections of high school biology as defined by the TEKS (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills)

 

·         Topics covered in high school biology course will not be covered in the course and students will be expected to be thoroughly familiar with these topics

 

·         The order in which the material is coveredis not proscribed by the order in which they are listed in the common course objectives

 

·         The order in which the material is covered in the objectives is not linked to one particular textbook and may be located in different chapters, depending upon the text chosen by the instructor

 

·         The objectives are detailed to provide guidance to instructors teaching this course for the first time.  If instructors have questions about the depth of detail to cover in lecture, look at the specific structures detailed in the lab objectives.

 

·         The relationship between structure and function will be emphasized

 

·        The BIOL 2304/2101 Common Course Objectives will be provided to the ACC Health Sciences Division and will define their expectations of the knowledge and skills of students entering their programs

 

·         The overall purposeof this course is to develop student competency in:

            (1)identifying and naming gross and microscopic anatomical structures, and

            (2)describing anatomical location, gross structure, and histological structure of

                        tissues and organs of the human body

 

·         All campuses will adopt whole animal dissection in lab, specifically to illustrate the individual variations between organisms and to demonstrate certain concepts that cannot be adequately seen on models (such as mesenteries and fascia between adjacent muscles).    This is a departmental policy.

 

·         Dissection is a skill required in subsequent classes and programs.  In order to adequately prepare our students, students will do the dissections.  At their discretion, instructors may provide additional dissections as demonstrations.  The official Biology Department policy concerning student use of organisms in the classroom and laboratory can be found at:

                        http://www.austincc.edu/biology/organismspolicy.html

 

·         The following is a list of structures that students should identify on a dissected animal.   The items on this list also appear along with the related lab topics below and are included here for easy reference.

 

            Students will dissect a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat) and locate the following   structures:

 

thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

 

heart

aorta:  arch, abdominal

common carotid artery

anterior and posterior vena cava

 

thymus

spleen

 

larynx

trachea

lungs

diaphragm

           

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

greater omentum

pancreas

mesentery

liver

gallbladder if present in species dissected

 

kidney

ureter

urinary bladder

                        urethra

 

                        testes

            spermatic cord

            epididymis

            penis

 

            ovaries

            oviducts

            uterus

 

            Students will dissect these organs and locate major structures:

·         Heart

·         Eyeball

·         Brain

 

            Recommended organ dissection:

·         Kidney

·         Cat muscles

 

 

 

 

Introduction to Anatomy

 

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with the levels of organization in multicellular organisms and can relate the parts to each other and to the whole
• Levels of structural organization in the human body
• Names and overall functions of twelve body systems

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Define anatomy. Differentiate between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

2.         Review the levels of structural organization in the human body

3.         Define body systems and list the major organs that are included in each system

4.         Describe and demonstrate how anatomists use directional terms, imaginary lines, and anatomical planes in the process of establishing references for describing anatomical relationships

5.         Define “body cavity”.

            a. Name the principal cavities of the human body, along with their subdivisions.

            b. Identify structures that form the boundaries of these cavities and identify the   

                 major organs located within each cavity.

            c. Identify the serous membranes.

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Demonstrate the ability to use directional terms, imaginary lines, and anatomical planes for the purpose of describing anatomical (organ-to-organ) relationships:

            directional terms:

            superior, inferior

anterior; posterior

ventral; dorsal

medial; lateral

proximal; distal

superficial; deep

supine; prone

           

anatomical planes:

            sagittal

midsagittal, median

frontal, coronal

transverse, horizontal

 

2.         Use anatomical models to locate the anatomical planes that serve as reference points in the study of body structure.  

 

3.         Use anatomical models (and/or preserved specimens) to identify the various cavities of the body, along with their subdivisions and the major organs that are located in each cavity

                        dorsal:  cranial, spinal

                        ventral:  thoracic, abdominopelvic

 

4.         Use anatomical models to identify the locations of the abdominopelvic regions and anatomical quadrants of the body

            abdominopelvic quadrants:

            right upper quadrant

            left upper quadrant

            right lower quadrant

            left lower quadrant

 

            abdominopelvic regions:

            right hypochondriac

            epigastric

            left hypochondriac

            right lumbar

            umbilical

            left lumbar

            right iliac

            hypogastric

            left iliac

 

5.         Demonstrate the ability to use body surface anatomy terms on anatomical

            models.

            oral                                                                            

orbital                                    

occipital                                

cervical                                 

thoracic                                 

axillary                                  

brachial

antecubital

olecranon

antebrachial             

abdominal

lumbar

pubic 

inguinal

gluteal

femoral

patellar

popliteal

calcaneal

digital

 

Tissues, Glands, and Membranes

 

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with the parts of a typical animal cell
• Students are familiar with the function of cellular parts, including plasma membrane, cytosol, and organelles
• Students are familiar with cellular processes, including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, synthesis of new molecules, metabolic processes and energy transfers
• Students are familiar with the parts of a microscope
• Students are able to competently use a microscope

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Define “tissue”

2.         Identify the different major tissue types found in the human body and describe the general functions and characteristics of each type  

3.         Describe the specific structural characteristics of each type of epithelial and connective tissues.  For epithelium, also describe the naming criteria (cell shape and number of layers.) 

4.         Describe the structural characteristics of exocrine glands    

5.         Describe the structure, basic function and location for cutaneous, mucous and

            serous membranes.

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Students will use microscopes to identify the following on microscope slides:

 

            Epithelial tissue

            simple squamous

            simple cuboidal

            simple columnar

            pseudostratified ciliated columnar

            stratified squamous (keratinized and nonkeratinized)

            transitional

 

            Connective tissue

            areolar 

            adipose 

             reticular  

            dense irregular

            dense regular

            elastic

            hyaline cartilage 

            elastic cartilage 

            fibrocartilage

            compact bone

            blood

 

2.         Use anatomical models to identify the locations of different membrane types

            cutaneous

            mucous                                 

            serous

 

3.         Use anatomical models to identify the location of specific membranes

                                    parietal and visceral pleura

                                    parietal and visceral pericardium

                                    parietal and visceral peritoneum

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

 

 

 

The Integumentary System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Name and identify the major structural components of this system

2.         List the majorfunctions of the integumentary system

3.         Discuss the anatomical features of each component of this system:

                        ¯ Name and describe the cellular components and histological structure

                                    of each layer of the skin

                        ¯ Identify the tissues found in each layer

                        ¯ Discuss the structure of each of the skin derivatives

                        ¯ Describe the process of normal replacement of surface cells through

                                    mitosis in the basal layer

4.         Discuss the unique features of the structural components of the integumentary system

                        ¯pigmentation

                        ¯distribution of sudoriferous glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous

                                    glands

                        ¯modified sweat glands:  ceruminous, mammary

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify the layers of the skin:

                        epidermis

                        stratum basale (=stratum germinativum), stratum spinosum,

                         stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

                        dermis

                                    papillary layer, including dermal papillae

                                    reticular layer

                       

2.         Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify the derivatives of the

            skin:

            sebaceous glands

            sudoriferous glands:  apocrine and eccrine

            hair: root, shaft, bulb, matrix, hair papilla, hair follicle

            arrector pili

           

3.         Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify related structures

            associated with the integumentary system:

                        sensory receptors:  Meissner’s  (=tactile) corpuscle, Pacinian

                                     (=lamellar) corpuscle, hair root plexus (=hair follicle receptor), free

                                    nerve endings

                        hypodermis

The Skeletal System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         List the major functions of the skeletal system

2.         Name and describe the organs of the skeletal system

3.         Describe and give examples of the different shapes of bones

4.         Describe the gross structure of a long bone

5.         Describe the microscopic structure and chemical composition of bone tissue,

            including cell types

6.         Distinguish between compact (=lamellar, dense) and cancellous (=spongy) bone

            tissue

7.         Describe the stages of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Give examples of bones that form by each process

8.         Describe the process of bone growth in thickness and in length

9.         Describe how the skeleton develops and changes with age

10.       Name and describe specific bone markings and identify the general functions of

            each

11.       Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

12.       Describe major differences in both structure and function between the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their appendages

13.       Describe the structural features that distinguish the male from the female pelvis

14.       Describe and give examples of the major structural and functional types of joints

15.       Identify the factors that determine the range of movement at synovial joints

16.       Identify the types of movement that occur at synovial joints

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Describe the relationship of synovial membranes and bursae to skeletal

            articulations

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the histological features of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage:     chondrocytes, lacunae, matrix

 

2.         Compare a sectioned long and a flat bone and locate:

                        compact (=lamellar, dense) bone tissue, cancellous (=spongy) bone          

                        tissue, nutrient foramen

 

3.         Identify the parts of a long bone:

                        diaphysis, epiphyses (proximal and distal), epiphyseal line, medullary

                        cavity, articular surface

 

4.         Locate and identify the tissue types and microscopic structures in slides of bone:

                        compact bone tissue

                                    osteons, central (=Haversian) canals, perforating (=Volkmann’s)

                                    canals, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi

                        cancellous (=spongy) bone tissue

                                    trabeculae, osteocytes, lacunae, marrow

 

5.         Be able to locate and identify the following bones and bone markings on articulated skeletons and disarticulated bones.  Also, know how many of each bone are in the body.

 

                        frontal:  sinus, supraorbital margin

 

            parietal

 

            temporal:  zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, petrous

                        portion, mandibular fossa, carotid canal, jugular foramen, external

                        auditory (=acoustic) meatus, internal auditory (=acoustic) meatus

 

            occipital bone:  foramen magnum, occipital condyles

 

            sutures:  sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoidal

 

            sphenoid bone:  sella turcica, greater wing, lesser wing, sinus, optic

                        foramen, orbital fissures

 

            ethmoid bone:  crista galli, cribriform plate, olfactory foramina, 

                        perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, sinus

 

            maxilla:  alveoli in alveolar margin, palatine process, inferior orbital fissure,

                        sinus

 

            mandible:  body, ramus, condylar process, mandibular foramen, coronoid

                        process, alveoli in alveolar margin, mental foramen, mandibular

                        notch

 

            palatine

 

            zygomatic:  temporal process, zygomatic arch

 

            lacrimal:  lacrimal canal

 

            nasal

 

            inferior nasal conchae

 

            vomer

 

            Skull Features:

                        orbits

                        zygomatic arch

 

            hyoid bone

 

                        vertebrae

                                    body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse process,

                                    spinous process, superior articular process, inferior articular

                                    process

                       

                                    cervical vertebrae

                                                transverse foramen

                                                atlas

                                                axis:  dens (=odontoid process)

           

                                    thoracic vertebrae

                                                rib facets

 

                                    lumbar vertebrae

 

                                    sacrum

 

                                    coccyx

 

                                    intervertebral foramina

 

                                    intervertebral discs

           

            sternum:  manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch, clavicular

                        notches, sternal angle

 

            ribs:  costal cartilages, head, neck, body (=shaft), tubercle, costal groove

                       

                        clavicle:  sternal extremity, acromial extremity

 

            scapula:  spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity (=fossa),

                        medial            border, lateral border, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous

                        fossa,             subscapular fossa

 

            humerus:  head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser

                        tubercle, body, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, radial fossa, trochlea,

                        coronoid process, olecranon fossa, medial epicondyle, lateral

                        epicondyle

 

            radius:  head, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch

 

            ulna:  olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch,

                        head, styloid process

 

            carpals

 

            metacarpals

 

            phalanges

 

            os coxa (=coxal) bone: 

            ilium, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, auricular surface, ischium, ischial tuberosity, , obturator foramen, pubis, pubic symphysis, acetabulum

 

            femur:  head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial condyle,

                        lateral condyle, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, linea aspera

 

            patella

           

            tibia:  medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus

 

            fibula:  head, lateral malleolus

 

            tarsals:  talus, calcaneus

 

            metatarsals

 

            phalanges

 

7.         Locate and identify the fontanels on a model of the fetal skull

            frontal (=anterior)

            occipital (=posterior)

            sphenoidal (=anteriorlateral)

            mastoid (=posteriorlateral)

 

8.         Identify the major structural features on models of selected diarthrotic joints

                        Knee joint

            synovial membrane

            bursae:  suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar

            medial and lateral menisci

            anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

            tibial (=medial) and fibular (=lateral) collateral ligaments

            patellar ligament

            articular cartilages

            tendon of quadriceps femoris

 

 

 

The Muscular System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Listthe major functions of the muscular system

2.         Describe the major molecular components of muscle cells, particularly the

            contractile proteins

3.         Describe the cytological structure of skeletal muscle cells and its relationship to muscle cell contraction

4.         Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle at the organ level

5.         List and describe the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle

6.         Define sarcomere and identify its major components

7.         Define and describe the neuromuscular junction and distinguish between it and the motor end plate

8.         Define motor unit.  Describe the organization of skeletal muscles into motor units

9.         Distinguish among the three major types of skeletal muscle fibers

10.       List and give examples of each of the major criteria for naming skeletal muscles

11.       Discuss the relationship among prime mover, synergist, and antagonist muscles, using specific examples

12.       Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue in terms of their microscopic structure, their general locations, and their functional characteristics

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Describe the relationship of the fibrous connective tissue of the muscular system with the periosteum of bone in the skeletal system

2.         Describe the relationship between the kind of articulation and the kind of skeletal  muscle movements that occur at each

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify on microscope slides and anatomical models each of the specific muscle

            tissue types and the microstructure of each

                        skeletal muscle tissue:  muscle fibers, nuclei, striations

                        cardiac muscle tissue:  muscle fibers, nuclei, intercalated discs

                        smooth muscle tissue:  muscle fibers

 

2.         Identify a neuromuscular junctionon a microscope slide

 

3.         Name and locate the major muscles of the human body on anatomical models and illustrations and describe a major action of each. 

                        epicranius (frontalis belly; occipitalis belly)

            orbicularis oculi                   

            orbicularis oris                     

            zygomaticus major

            masseter

            temporalis

            sternocleidomastoid                       

            erector spinae

                        pectoralis major

            serratus anterior

            trapezius       

            rhomboids

            deltoid                                               

            latissimus dorsi                   

            biceps brachii          

            brachialis

            brachioradialis         

            triceps brachii          

            diaphragm                                        

            external intercostals                       

            internal intercostals            

            rectus abdominis    

            external oblique                  

            internal oblique                   

            transversus abdominis      

            gluteus maximus

            gluteus medius

            psoas major

            iliacus

            sartorius

            tensor fasciae latae

            adductor longus                  

            adductor magnus

            pectineus

            gracilis

            rectus femoris                      

            vastus lateralis                    

            vastus medialis                   

            vastus  intermedius

            biceps femoris                                 

            semitendinosus                  

            semimembranosus 

            tibialis anterior         

            gastrocnemius

            soleus                       

 

4.         Identify these structures on models and illustrations:

                        tendons

                        galea aponeurotica

                        linea alba

                        iliotibial tract

                        calcaneal tendon

 

 

5.         Identify these structures on the muscle cell model:

                        endomysium

                        sarcolemma

                        nuclei

                        sarcoplasm

                        myofibril

            sarcomeres

            motor end plate

            motor neuron

            t tubules

            sarcoplasmic reticulum

            terminal cisternae

 

 

Recommended Dissection:

1.         Dissect and identify the major superficial skeletal muscles of a mammal

 

2.         Dissect and identify the major superficial muscles and associated tendons of a

            chicken wing.

 

 

 

 

 

The Nervous System and Special Senses

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Describe the major functions of the nervous system

2.         Describe the overall organization of the nervous system

3.         Describe a typical neuron and describe the general functions of each component

4.         Describe the structural and functional classifications of neurons

5.         Identify the types of supporting cells (=glia) found in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).  Describe the structure and general functions of each cell type

6.         Describe the structure, formation and general function of myelin sheaths in the CNS and PNS

7.         Define synapse and identify the different types of synapses

8.         Describe a chemical synapse

9.         Define reflex and describe the structure of a reflex arc                                                          

10.       Describe white matter and gray matter and their distribution in the CNS and PNS

11.       Describe the organization and general function of the CNS

12.       Describe the anatomy and general functions of each area of the brain and describe their anatomical relationships

13.       Describe the ventricle system of the brain

14.       Describe the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord

15.       Describe cerebrospinal fluid, including its general function, location, formation, circulation, and reabsorption

16.       Describe the structure and basic function of the blood-brain barrier

17.       Describe the location and structure of the spinal cord, including the arrangement of white and gray matter within the cord

18.       Describe the concept of ascending and descending spinal tracts in terms of location, origin and termination.  

19.       Describe the overall organization and general functions of the PNS

20.       Describe the structure of a nerve

21.       Identify the cranial nerves and describe the location and general function of each

22.       Describe the origin of a spinal nerve (dorsal and ventral roots) and its branches

            (rami)

23.       Identify the spinal nerves

24.       Identify the spinal nerve plexuses, the spinal nerves that contribute to the formation of each plexus, and at least one of the major nerves that originate in each plexus

25.       Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic motor division of the PNS in terms of effector organs and the organization of efferent pathways.  Include neurotransmitters, adrenergic neurons and receptors, cholinergic neurons and receptors

26.       Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS in terms of structure and general function

27.       Describe the general function of a sensory receptor

28.       Describe the classification of sensory receptors based on structure, location of stimulus, and the type of stimulus detected

29.       Discuss the differences between the general and special senses

30.       For all of the special senses, describe the location and structure of receptor cells, accessory structures, and afferent pathways

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Review the anatomy of the skull and vertebral column as related to the nervous

            system

2.         Review the intervertebral foramen and its relationship to spinal nerves.

3.         Review the neuromuscular junction

4.         Review cutaneous receptors as related to the integumentary system

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify nervous tissue cells (neurons and supporting cells) on microscope slides

                        neurons:  cell bodies (=somas), processes (=axons & dendrites)

 

2.         Identify the parts of the neuron on anatomical models

                        cell body

                        nucleus

                        dendrites

                        axon

                        telodendria (=terminal branches)

                        axon terminals (= synaptic knobs, terminal boutons, synaptic terminals )

                        Schwann cells (=neurolemmocytes)

                        myelin sheath

                        neurilemma

                        nodes of Ranvier (=neurofibril nodes)

                        axon hillock

                        synapses

                        endoneurium

 

3.         Identify the parts of a nerve on anatomical models and microscope slides

                        epineurium, fasciculi, perineurium, nerve fibers

 

4.         Identify the parts of the brain on anatomical models and preserved brains

            cerebrum:  right and left cerebral hemispheres, transverse fissure,

                        longitudinal fissure, lateral sulcus, central sulcus, parieto-occipital

                        sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe, parietal

                        lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula, cortex, basal nuclei

                        (=cerebral nuclei or old name of basal ganglia), corpus callosum,

                        septum pellucidum, fornix, internal capsule

           

            diencephalon:  pineal body (=pineal gland), thalamus,           hypothalamus,

            infundibulum, pituitary gland, mammillary bodies

 

            brainstem:  midbrain (=mesencephalon), corpora quadrigemina, superior

            colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebral peduncles, pons, cerebellar peduncles,

            medulla oblongata, pyramids

 

            cerebellum:  right and left cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, cortex, arbor

                        vitae

 

5.         Identify the parts of the ventricle system of the brain on anatomical models

            lateral ventricles

            third ventricle

            fourth ventricle

            median and lateral aperatures

            cerebral aqueduct (=mesencephalic aqueduct)

            interventricular foramen

            choroid plexuses

 

6.         Identify the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord on

            anatomical models

                        dura mater:  periosteal layer, meningeal layer

                        arachnoid mater:  subarachnoid space

                        pia mater

                        tentorium cerebelli

                        falx cerebri

 

7.         Identify the parts of the spinal cord on models and microscope slides

                        slides

                        gray horns

                        white columns                     

                        central canal

                       

                        spinal cord models

                        gray horns:  anterior, lateral, posterior

                        white columns (=funiculi):  anterior, lateral, posterior

                        central canal

                        gray and white commissures

                        anterior median fissure

                        posterior median sulcus

                        meninges:  dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

                        subarachnoid space

                        epidural space

 

8.         Identify the origins of a spinal nerve on spinal cord models and microscope slides

                        dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion

                        ventral root

                        spinal nerve

                        rami:  dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, gray ramus communicantes

                        sympathetic ganglia

 

9.         Identify the cranial nerves

                        branches of olfactory nerve, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts

            optic nerves, optic chiasma (=chiasm), optic tracts

            roots of nerves III-XII

 

10.       Identify the spinal nerves and nerve plexuses

 

11.       Identify the olfactory epithelium on models.

 

12.       Identify the papillae and taste buds on a microscope slide of the tongue

 

13.       Identify the accessory structures associated with vision

            palpebrae

            medial and lateral canthi

            levator palpebrae superioris

            conjunctiva

            lacrimal gland, lacrimal puncta

            extrinsic eye muscles:  superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus,

                        inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus

           

14.       Identify the parts of the eye and parts of the retina on microscope slides and on

            models

            retina slide

                        nervous layer:  ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rods & cones

                        pigmented layer

                                   

            eye models

            fibrous tunic:  sclera, cornea, scleral venous sinus

            vascular tunic:  choroid, ciliary body, ciliary muscles, ciliary processes,

                        suspensory ligaments, iris, pupil

            sensory tunic (=retina):  ora serrata, macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic

                        disc

            lens

            anterior segment:  anterior and posterior chambers, aqueous humor

            posterior segment:  vitreous humor

            optic nerves 

           

15.       Identify the parts of the ear and the histological features of the cochlea on models and on microscope slides

            cochlear slide

                        scala vestibuli, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, basilar

                        membrane, scala tympani, organ of Corti

                                                           

            ear models

            external ear:  pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

            middle ear:  ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, round window,

                        pharyngotympanic (=auditory, Eustachian) tube

            inner ear: 

                        bony labyrinth:  semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

                        membranous labyrinth:  semicircular ducts with ampulla, utricle,

                                    saccule, cochlear duct

            vestibulocochlear nerve:  vestibular branch, cochlear branch

 

 

            cochlear cross-section model

                        scala vestibuli, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, organ of Corti

                        with hair cells and supporting cells, tectorial membrane, basilar

                        membrane, scala tympani, endolymph, perilymph       

 

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Dissect and identify the parts of the brain of a mammal

2.         Dissect and identify the parts of the mammalian eye

 

 

The Endocrine System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Describe the majorfunctions of the endocrine system

2.         Define and differentiate endocrine gland, hormone, target cell, and receptor

3.         For each endocrine gland, discuss its location, gross anatomy, and histology.  Identify the major hormones secreted by these glands

            ¯ hypothalamus

            ¯ pituitary gland:  adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

            ¯ pineal gland (=pineal body)

            ¯ thyroid gland

            ¯ parathyroid glands

            ¯ thymus

            ¯ adrenal gland:  adrenal cortex (all zones), adrenal medulla

            ¯ pancreatic islets

            ¯ ovaries

            ¯ testes

                                               

4.         Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Review the relationship of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the histological features of the major endocrine glands on microscope slides.  Identify the endocrine organ from which the slide is prepared

                        slides

                        pituitary: 

                                    anterior pituitary (=adenohypophysis)

                                    posterior pituitary (=neurohypophysis)

                         thyroid

                                    follicles

                                    follicular cells

                                    thyroglobulin

                                    parafollicular cells

                        parathyroid gland

                        adrenal gland

                                    cortex:  zona glomerulosa, zone fasciculata, zona reticularis

                                    medulla:  chromaffin cells

                        pancreas:  pancreatic islets

 

2.         Locate and identify the major endocrine organs on models and diagrams

                        hypothalamus

                        pituitary gland:  anterior and posterior

                        pineal gland

                        thyroid gland

                        parathyroid glands

                        thymus gland

                        pancreas

                        adrenal glands:  adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

                        ovaries

                        testes

 

Recommended Dissection:

1.         Locate and identify the major endocrine glands on a mammal

The Cardiovascular System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Name and describe the components of the circulatory system.  Distinguish between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

2.         Describe the physical and chemical characteristics of blood.

3.         Describe the composition of plasma

4.         Describe the structure, characteristics and general function of each formed

            element in blood

5.         Describe hemopoiesis and where it occurs

6.         Describe the anatomical location and orientation of the heart

7.         Describe the pericardium

8.         Distinguish between the three layers of the heart wall, including the tissues of

            each layer

9.         Describe the gross external and internal anatomical features of the heart

10.       Describe the path of blood flow through the heart, identifying each vessel,

            chamber, and valve

11.       Discuss the different types of blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.  Identify the general histology and function of each vessel type.

12.       Compare and contrast structural differences among arteries, capillaries, and

            veins

13.       Discuss and outline major pathways in the pulmonary and systemic circulations

14.       Discuss and outline specific circulations, such as coronary, cerebral arterial circle, hepatic portal system, and fetal

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Review the autonomic innervations to the heart

2.         Review the vagus nerve

3.         Review bone marrow

4.         Discuss the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on venous flow

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the different formed elements in blood, using microscope slides

            Erythrocytes (= red blood cells)

            Leukocytes (=white blood cells):  lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils,

                        eosinophils, basophils

            thrombocytes (=platelets)

 

2.         Identify the histological features of heart tissue

                        intercalated discs

                        muscle fibers

                        Purkinje fibers (=conduction myofibers)

 

3.         Identify the tissue layers of arteries and veins on microscope slides.  Be able to

            differentiate arteries from veins.

                        tunica interna (=intima):  internal elastic lamina

                        tunica media

                        tunica externa (=adventitia)

 

4.         Identify the following structures on the blood vessel model:

                        artery

                        vein

                        layers of vessel walls:  tunica interna, media and externa

                        venous valves

                        internal elastic lamina, external elastic lamina

                        endothelium

 

5.         Identify the anatomical features of the heart using models and diagrams

            base and apex         

            layers of heart wall:  epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

            right atrium and auricle

            right ventricle

            left atrium and auricle

            left ventricle

            fossa ovalis

            interventricular septum

            bicuspid (=mitral) valve

            tricuspid valve

            chordae tendinae

            papillary muscles

            aortic semilunar valve

            pulmonary semilunar valve

            aorta

            pulmonary trunk

            pulmonary veins

            vena cavae:  superior and inferior

            coronary arteries (right and left)

            coronary sinus

 

6.         Identify the major blood vessels of pulmonary and systemic circulation on models  and  diagrams

                        arteries

            aorta:  ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal

            brachiocephalic

            common carotid

            internal carotid

            external carotid

            subclavian

            axillary

            brachial

            radial

            ulnar

            vertebral

            celiac trunk:              common hepatic, left gastric, splenic

            superior mesenteric

            renal

            gonadal

            inferior mesenteric

            common iliac

            external iliac

            femoral

            popliteal

            anterior tibial

            posterior tibial

            peroneal (=fibular)

            dorsalis pedis

                       

                        veins

            superior vena cava

            brachiocephalic

            internal jugular

            external jugular

            subclavian

            axillary

            cephalic

            brachial

            basilic

            median cubital

            inferior vena cava

            hepatic

            renal

            gonadal

            lumbar

            common iliac

            internal iliac

            external iliac

            femoral

            great saphenous

            popliteal

 

                        Dural/cranial sinuses:

                        superior sagittal

                        transverse

 

7.         Identify  the major vessels of the coronary circulation, the cerebral arterial circle, and the hepatic portal system on models and diagrams

 

                        coronary circulation

                        left coronary a.

                        anterior interventricular a.

                        circumflex a.

                        right coronary a.

                        posterior interventricular a.

                        marginal a.

                        coronary sinus

                        great cardiac v.

                        middle cardiac v.

 

                        cerebral arterial circle (=circle of Willis)

                        basilar

                        anterior cerebral

                        middle cerebral

                        posterior cerebral

                        anterior communicating

                        posterior communicating

 

                        hepatic portal circulation

                        splenic v.

                        inferior mesenteric v.

                        superior mesenteric v.

                        hepatic portal v.

 

 

Required Dissections:                                                                              (See pages 3-4)

1.         Locate and identify the features of a sheep heart

 

2.         Locate and identify these blood vessels of a mammal:

                        Aorta (arch, abdominal)

                        common carotid artery

                        anterior vena cava

                        posterior vena cava

 

 

The Lymphatic System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         Listthe major functions of the lymphatic system

2.         Compare and contrast plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph

3.         Identify and describe the structure and general function of the lymph vessels

4.         Describe anatomical features of lymphoid tissue

5.         Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the lymphoid organs

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Review the relationships between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic

            system

2.         Discuss the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on lymph flow

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the histological features of lymph nodes, using microscope slides

                        cortex:  nodules, germinal centers

                        medulla:  cords, sinuses

                        lymphocytes

 

2.         Identify Peyer’s patches, using a microscope slide of the ileum of the small

            intestine

 

3.         Locate the major lymphatic vessels and organs on models and diagrams

                        lymphatic vessels

                        lymphatic ducts:  right, thoracic

                        lymph nodes:  cervical, axillary, inguinal

                        cisterna chyli           

 

                        lymphatic organs

            tonsils:  pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

            spleen

            thymus

            lymph node

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Locate and identify the spleen and thymus on a mammal

The Respiratory System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         List the majorfunction of the respiratory system

2.         Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general functions of the individual respiratory organs

3.         Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zones

4.         Trace the path of air flow from the external nares to the alveoli

5.         Describe the location and histological structure of the respiratory membrane

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Describe structural variations in the walls of the respiratory structures (epithelium, smooth muscle, cartilage)

2.         Describe the parallel branching of respiratory airways and pulmonary vasculature

            (bronchial tree; pulmonary blood vessels)

3.         Review the location of lymphatic tissue associated with the respiratory system

4.         Review the location and general function of the olfactory epithelium

5.         Review the location, histological structure, and function of the serous membranes associated with the lungs

6.         Review the skeletal muscles used in respiratory movements

7.         Review the bones associated with the nasal cavity

 

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the structural components of the respiratory system on models or

            preserved specimens

            nose

                        external nares

                        internal nares

                        vestibule

                        nasal cavity

                        nasal meatuses:  superior, middle and inferior

            pharynx 

                        nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx

                        pharyngotympanic (=auditory, Eustachian) tubes

            larynx            

                        glottis

                        laryngeal cartilages:  thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid,

                                    corniculate

                        vestibular folds

                        vocal folds

            trachea

                        tracheal cartilages, trachealis muscle

            bronchial tree:  primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi,

                        bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

            alveolar ducts

            alveolar sacs

            alveoli

            pleura:  visceral and parietal, pleural cavity

            left and right lungs:  apex, base, hilum, superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior

                        lobe, oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, cardiac notch

 

2.         Use microscope slides to identify the major histological features of the trachea

                        mucosa:  pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

                        submucosa, seromucous glands

                        cartilaginous layer

                        adventitia

                        trachealis muscle

           

3.         Use microscope slides to identify the major histological features of lung tissue

                        bronchi

                        bronchioles

                        alveoli

                        pulmonary arteries and veins

                       

 

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Locate and identify the major respiratory organs and associated structures on a

            mammal:.                                                                  

                        Larynx

                        Trachea

                        Lungs

                        Diaphragm

                        Thoracic cavity

                        Parietal pleura

                        Visceral pleura

 

           

 

The Digestive System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         List the majorfunction of the digestive system

2.         Describe the generalhistology of the alimentary canal wall

3.         Describe the location, gross and histological structures, and general functions of the organs of the digestive tract (=alimentary canal, gastrointestinal tract)

4.         Describe the location, gross and histological structures, and general functions of the accessory digestive organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)

5.         Describethe location, structure, and general functions of “mesentery” and the concepts of retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal organs

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Describe structural changes in the epithelial membrane of the alimentary canal from the oral vestibule to the anal orifice

2.         Review the location and general function of lymphoid tissue located in the wall of the alimentary canal

3.         Review the location and general function of lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine

4.         Review the location, histological structure, and general function of the serous membranes associated with the digestive system

5.         Review the skeletal muscles associated with the digestive system

6.         Review the hepatic portal circulation

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the structural components of the digestive system on models or

            preserved specimens

                        mouth

                                    lips and labial frenulum

                                    oral cavity

                                    vestibule

                                    fauces

                        teeth

                                    incisor, canine, premolar, molar

                                    crown, root, pulp cavity, root canal, apical foramen, enamel, dentin,

                                                cementum, periodontal ligament

                                    gingivae

                        hard palate

                        soft palate & uvula

                        tongue and lingual frenulum

            salivary glands:  parotid, submandibular, sublingual

            esophagus:  gastroesophageal sphincter (=cardiac sphincter, lower                                                esophageal sphincter)

            stomach

                        lesser curvature, greater curvatures

                        cardia, fundus, body, pyloric region, rugae

                        layers of muscularis:  circular, oblique, longitudinal

                        pyloric sphincter

 

            small intestine

                        duodenum, jejunum, ileum

                        plicae circulares, villi

                        ileocecal valve

 

            large intestine

                        cecum, appendix

                        colon:  ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, hepatic

                                    flexure, splenic flexure, haustra,tenia coli

                        rectum

                        anal canal:  internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, anus

 

            peritoneum:  visceral, parietal, mesentery, greater omentum,

 

                        pancreas

                                    head, body, tail

                                    pancreatic ducts: main and accessory

 

                        liver

                                    left, right, caudate, quadrate lobes

 

                        gallbladder

 

                        Trace the pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum:

                                    Hepatic ducts: right, left and common

                                    Cystic duct

                                    Common bile duct

                                    Hepatopancreatic ampulla

                                    Hepatopancreatic sphincter

 

 

3.         Use both microscope slides and histology models to identify these structures:

                        esophagus: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia

 

                        stomach:

                                    Esophagus-stomach junction

                                    Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

 

                        duodenum: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia

 

                        ileum: Peyer’s patches

 

 

4.         Identify the histological features of the pancreas.

                                    acini

                                    ducts 

 

5.         Identify histological features of the liver:

                                    lobules

                                    hepatocytes

                                    central vein

                                    sinusoids

                                    bile ducts

                                    branches of hepatic artery

                                    branches of hepatic portal vein

 

6.         Identify these structures on the villus histology model.

                        mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

                        submucosa

                        muscularis:  circular layer, longitudinal layer                

                        villi

                        crypts

                        lacteals

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Locate and identify the major digestive organs and associated structures on a

            mammal:       

            abdominopelvic cavity

            parietal peritoneum

            visceral peritoneum

            esophagus

            stomach

            small intestine

            large intestine

            greater omentum

            pancreas

            mesentery

            liver

            gallbladder if present in species dissected

The Urinary System

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         List the majorfunction of the urinary system

2.         Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general functions of the organs of the urinary system

3.         List and describe the location of the vessels that form a blood supply to the

            kidney

4.         Describe the location, anatomical components, and histological structure of the

            nephron  and associated structures (collecting duct or tubule, blood vessels)

5.         Describe the location, general function and structures of the juxtaglomerular

            apparatus.

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Students draw and label tubular and vascular components of the nephron.

2.         Describe changes in the structure of the epithelial membrane from the renal calyces to the urethral orifice

3.         Compare the structure and general functions of the male and female urethra

4.         Review the skeletal muscles associated with the urinary system

5.         Trace the flow of blood from the abdominal aorta through the kidney back to the

            inferior vena cava.

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify the structural components of the urinary system on models or preserved

            specimens

            kidney: 

                        cortex, medulla, capsule

                        hilus

                        renal pyramids (=medullary pyramids)

                        renal papillae

                        renal calyxes (major, minor)

                        renal pelvis

 

            ureter

            urinary bladder:  mucosa, muscularis (=detrusor muscle), rugae

            urethra

                       

                        blood supply: 

                        renal arteries and veins

                        interlobar arteries and veins

                        arcuate arteries and veins

                        interlobular (=cortical radiate) arteries and veins

                        afferent arterioles

                        glomerular capillaries

                        efferent arterioles

                        peritubular capillaries

                        vasa recta

 

2.         Using microscope slides, identify the components of the kidney.

                        renal capsule

                        cortex, medulla

                        glomeruli

                        glomerular capsules

                        proximal and distal convoluted tubules

 

3.         Using nephron models, identify the following structures: 

            renal corpuscle (=glomerular capsule + glomerulus)

            glomerular capsule (=Bowman’s capsule)

                        parietal layer

                        visceral layer – podocytes, filtration slits

            proximal convoluted tubule

            loop of nephron (=loop of Henle)

                        descending limb

                        ascending limb

                        distal convoluted tubule

                        collecting duct (=tubule)

                        glomerulus

                        afferent arteriole

                        efferent arteriole

                        juxtaglomerular apparatus: macula densa cells, granular cells                                                          (=juxtaglomerular cells)

 

4.         Using microscope slides, identify the layers of the urinary bladder and the tissues of which they are made

                        mucosa:  transitional epithelium

                        muscularis

 

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Locate and identify the major urinary organs on a whole mammal

                        Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

 

Recommended Dissection:

1.         Locate and identify the major structures that form the kidney of a large mammal

 

The Reproductive System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students can compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis and the significance of each

 

Lecture Objectives:

1.         List the majorfunction of the reproductive system

2.         Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the reproductive organs of the male

3.         Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the reproductive organs of the female

4.         Describe the histological structures of the following organs: testis, penis, ovary, uterus

5.         Describe the location and structure of the mammary glands.

 

Recommended Integration:

1.         Review the skeletal muscles associated with the reproductive system

2.         Review the dual role of the male urethra

3.         Review the hormones involved in coordinating reproductive functions.

 

Laboratory Objectives:

1.         Identify  the structures that form the male reproductive system on models or on preserved specimens

            testes (singular = testis):  tunica albuginea

            scrotum

            epididymis

            ductus (=vas) deferens

            spermatic cord

            inguinal canal

            ejaculatory duct

            seminal vesicles

            prostate gland

            bulbourethral glands

            urethra:  prostatic, membranous, spongy (=penile), external urethral

                        orifice

            penis:  corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, glans penis,            prepuce

            perineum

                        urogenital diaphragm

 

2.         Identify the structures that form the female reproductive system on models or on preserved specimens

 

            ovaries

            oviducts (=fallopian tubes, uterine ducts):  infundibulum, fimbriae, ampulla

            uterus:  fundus, body, cervix, endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

            cervical canal:  internal os, external os

            vagina:  fornix, rugae

            mons pubis

            labia majora and labia minora

            clitoris:  prepuce, corpora cavernosa

            vestibular bulb

            vestibule

            external urethral orifice

            vaginal orifice

            perineum

            urogenital diaphragm

 

           

3.         Use microscope slides and models to identify the histological features of primary male and female reproductive organs

 

                        testis slide

                        seminiferous tubule

                        interstitial cells of Leydig

 

                        penis slide

                        corpus spongiosum

                        spongy (=penile) urethra

                        corpus cavernosum

 

                        ovary slide

                        follicles:  primordial, primary, secondary, vesicular (=mature ovarian or

                                    Graafian)

                        oocytes, zona pellucida, corona radiata

                        corpus luteum

 

                        uterus slide

                        endometrium

                        myometrium

 

 

Required Dissection:                                                                                (See pages 3-4)

1.         Locate and identify the major male and female reproductive organs on a whole

            mammal:       

                        testes, spermatic cord, epididymis, penis, ovaries, oviducts, uterus